Target 6.3: An estimated 58% of wastewater generated by households was safely treated in 2022, based on data from 140 countries and territories. Achieving universal coverage by 2030 will require an increase of 5 to 8 times the current rate. While the majority live in rural areas, the unserved population is decreasing in rural areas and stagnating or increasing in urban areas. Targets 6.1 and 6.2: Despite progress, 2.2 billion people still lacked safely managed drinking water services, 3.4 billion lacked safely managed sanitation services, and 1.9 billion lacked basic hygiene services in 2022. Boosting infrastructure investment, improving cross-sectoral coordination, and addressing climate change is key to getting SDG6 back on track. Achieving universal coverage by 2030 will require a 6-fold increase in current global rates of progress on drinking water, a 5-fold increase for sanitation, and an 8-fold increase for hygiene. In addition, water pollution is a significant challenge which affects both human health and the environment in many countries. Water scarcity is a growing problem in many parts of the world, and conflicts and climate change are exacerbating the issue. Radiocarbon dates of these sediment samples will allow them to reconstruct the fault’s shifts over time and calculate its relative rate of movement.Billions of people still lack access to safe water, sanitation, and hygiene, despite improvement in the provision of these basic services. And then there’s recurrence: ‘How often does this fault move, and when did it last shift?’ Seismic reflection allows us to piece together the history of this fault and improve our understanding of its hazards.”Īfter mapping the PVF and identifying its most active areas, the team’s next step is to collect sediment core samples at those areas along the fault. Another is the rate at which it is moving. “One is the area, or extent, of the fault, and its proximity to where people live.
“There are a number of factors that go into assessing the hazards of a fault,” Conrad said. By examining the layers of sediment bisected by the fault, the team can determine how fast and how often, on average, the fault moves, thus helping to understand the risk to coastal communities and offshore energy infrastructure.
The team will use this high-resolution data to more accurately map the PVF along its submarine extent. These recordings, translated into profiles of stratigraphic layers, reveal the interbedded strata beneath the seafloor and show precisely where the two sides of the fault meet. To do this, they employed new seismic reflection techniques designed to record the reflections of deformed strata just a few meters below the seafloor. “What we wanted to study was in tens of meters beneath the seafloor, so we used relatively higher-frequency sound to get very high-resolution imagery of the substrate.” “The surveys in the 1970s used relatively low-frequency sound sources, which penetrate kilometers beneath the seafloor,” said Kluesner. To get more detail of the shallow subsurface, they needed to use higher frequency sound sources. Larger temblors, however, can trigger seafloor landslides that might displace huge volumes of water, creating tsunamis with the potential to cause damage in nearby coastal communities and especially in harbors.Ĭolored slope map showing seismic-reflection track lines (black) and active faults (red): PVF - Palos Verdes fault zone NIF - Newport-Inglewood fault zone SPBF - San Pedro Basin fault SDTF - San Diego Trough fault.īut for Kluesner, Conrad, and crew-who were trying to map where, exactly, the fault is most seismically active-those prior surveys offered only a low-resolution map of the PVF. Magnitude 2 and 3 earthquakes associated with the fault occur frequently in the area with little consequence. The PVF currently moves at a rate of about 3 millimeters a year. Like the San Andreas fault located further inland, the PVF is a strike-slip fault, in which the plate boundaries move laterally against each other with relatively little vertical displacement. Running roughly parallel to the California coast between Santa Catalina Island and the mainland, the PVF passes directly through the Port of Los Angeles before continuing north into Santa Monica Bay. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, a crew led by geophysicist Jared Kluesner and geologist Jamie Conrad (both with the USGS Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center) used sound waves to map a network of submarine faults known as the Palos Verdes Fault zone (PVF).
On a recent 8-day research cruise in cooperation with the U.S. Green cable is the hydrophone streamer and a "bird" is being attached to control depth in the water. Science crew work on deployment of seismic streamer on deck of R/V Robert Gordon Sproul.
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